Vanadium
EU import reliance for vanadium is 100%. China mines about three quarters of the world’s vanadium.
Figures
Vanadium in four figures
EU import reliance
100%
net imports as a share of EU apparent consumption
Source: European Commission, 2023 study (2016 to 2020)
World mining
About
75%
China’s share of world vanadium mine production, 2025
Source: USGS 2026, calculated by Hercinia
Main EU source
44%
Russia. Next is South Korea with 17%.
Source: European Commission, 2023 study (2016 to 2020)
EU demand
4,351t
of vanadium a year
Source: SCRREEN, vanadium factsheet
Data as of 27 October 2026
Supply in Europe
Europe’s own supply
EU capacity as a share of EU vanadium demand, 2016 to 2020.
- EU demand100%
- EU extraction capacity0%
- EU processing capacity0%
- EU recycling capacityAbout 1%
One grain is 1% of EU vanadium demand. Sources: European Commission, 2023 study (2016 to 2020); SCRREEN
Outlook
What comes next
- Known resources
- More than 500 years of EU demand
Source: SCRREEN. Resources are not reserves.
Origin
Where vanadium comes from
Use
Where vanadium is used
Steel
Over
90%
of reported US vanadium use in 2025 was metallurgical, mainly alloying iron and steel
Source: USGS 2026
Price
US$5.43/lb
vanadium pentoxide flake (98%) in Europe, 7 October 2026
Source: vanadiumprice.com
- European Commission, Study on the critical raw materials for the EU (2023)
- European Court of Auditors, Special report 04/2026, Critical raw materials for the energy transition
- USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026
- SCRREEN, vanadium factsheet
- vanadiumprice.com
